On the Black Sea coast, Varna, known as the maritime capital of Bulgaria, is also one of the oldest cities in Europe, with over 7,000 years of history. Founded as Odessos by the Greeks in the 6th century BC, this port city is brimming with enduring traces of ancient civilisations: from the treasures of the Varna Necropolis, home to the oldest gold ever discovered, to the impressive Roman baths that attest to its importance in the Empire. Today, Varna combines this historical legacy with a modern and lively spirit. Its port remains a key commercial hub, while its sandy beaches, the iconic Sea Garden and its vibrant cultural scene and nightlife already attract visitors from all over the world.
History of Varna: from Greek the “Odessos” to the spa town for European high societ
The origins of Varna date back to the 5th millennium BC when the Thracians established the first settlements in this strategic seaside location. Known as Odessos after its founding by Greek colonists in the 6th century BC, the city quickly became an important commercial and cultural hub in the region. The wealth of that era is uniquely showcased at the Varna Necropolis, a world-renowned archaeological discovery. Discovered in 1972, this burial site contains more than 3,000 pure gold objects dating back over 6,000 years, making them some of the oldest treasures known to humanity.
Varna’s prosperity continued under Roman rule when the city was integrated into the Empire’s vast trading network. The Roman baths, built in the 2nd century AD, are a lasting testament to the city’s importance during that era. This impressive bath complex, covering over 7,000 square metres, is one of the largest in the Balkans and offers a fascinating insight into Roman customs and lifestyle.
Over the centuries, Varna continued to play a strategic role during the Byzantine and Ottoman periods. The city was a crucial point in the defence of the empire and a commercial hub between East and West. Under Ottoman rule, Varna evolved into a bustling multi-cultural hub, with architecture that features Ottoman, Greek and Roman influences. In the 19th century, after Bulgaria’s independence, Varna underwent a cultural and economic revival. Its port became one of the most important on the Black Sea, while its reputation as a holiday destination began to attract European nobility and high society. During this period, elegant villas and spas were built that still preserve the sophisticated air of that era. The city was the setting for part of Bram Stoker’s famous novel Dracula, published in 1897.
Places to visit in Varna: a journey back to an ancient city’s pas
Historic centre: 19th-century splendour, Roman baths and seaside views
Varna’s historic centre is the heart of the city, a labyrinth of cobbled streets that transports visitors back to its 19th-century heyday. The Cathedral of the Assumption of the Virgin, built in 1886, is one of the city’s most recognisable symbols. Its impressive golden dome and the detailed frescoes inside are a showcase of Bulgarian art from the National Revival.
Not far away, the Sea Garden (Morska Gradina) provides a peaceful retreat from the hustle and bustle of the city. This vast park, designed in the 19th century, stretches along the coast, featuring flower gardens, sculptures and viewpoints overlooking the Black Sea. Here you’ll also find attractions such as Varna’s Dolphinarium, a perfect spot to enjoy marine shows, and the Planetarium, where you can explore the cosmos from this historic coastal city. It’s the perfect spot for an evening stroll or to enjoy a show at the open-air amphitheatre.
The Roman baths, located a short distance from the centre, are a tangible reminder of the importance of Odessos, as the city was known in Roman times. Built in the 2nd century AD, these are the largest baths in the Balkans and one of the most impressive outside Rome. It features hot and cold bathing rooms, a frigidarium and an underground heating system, showcasing the sophistication of Roman engineering and social customs.
Museums to visit: the cultural spirit of Varna
Varna is home to some of Bulgaria’s most fascinating museums. The Archaeological Museum, located in a neoclassical building, is an unmissable highlight. Its collection features unique pieces such as the objects found in the Varna necropolis, considered the oldest worked gold in the world, as well as Thracian, Greek and Roman artefacts. The museum provides a comprehensive overview of the region’s history, from prehistory to the Middle Ages, and offers a captivating insight into the daily life, beliefs and artistic expressions of Varna’s ancient civilisations.
Varna’s Naval Museum, situated in a charming 19th-century building surrounded by a well-kept garden, delves into Bulgaria’s maritime heritage. Its collection contains everything from models of historic vessels to objects used in sailing such as navigation instruments and naval uniforms. The jewel in the museum’s crown is the Drazki, a Bulgarian torpedo boat from the early 20th century that was instrumental in the First Balkan War, famously sinking a Turkish cruiser.
The Varna History Museum, meanwhile, provides an insight into the city’s past. Located in another elegant 19th-century building, its exhibits cover the period from the region’s earliest civilisations to the transformative events of the 20th century. Among its most notable pieces are Thracian ceramics, coins from the Greek and Roman periods and personal items that provide an insight into the daily lives of its inhabitants over the centuries. A particularly interesting section is dedicated to the industrial and commercial development of Varna in the 19th century when the city emerged as a key European port.
Where to eat in Varna: Black Sea flavours by the harbour
Varna’s cuisine is shaped by its coastal location and diverse cultural influences. The seaside restaurants offer specialities like tsatsa, small crispy fried fish served with lemon, and sarmi, grape leaves stuffed with rice and meat.
Морска тераса (The Sea Terrace), a traditional restaurant overlooking the harbour, is a perfect spot to savour these dishes with a glass of Bulgarian wine. Another great spot for fresh seafood by Varna’s harbour is Staria Chinar. And if you’re after something sweet, be sure to try the cakes and coffee at Kramer Pastry.
Nearby beaches: family-friendly beaches and hidden coves
Varna is known for its beaches, stretching for kilometres along the coastline. Central Beach, located beside the Sea Garden, is ideal for those seeking a convenient location, with bars and services just a stone’s throw away. If you prefer a more laid-back atmosphere, the beach in Saints Constantine and Helena, just eight kilometres from the city, offers calm waters and a more natural setting.
For the most adventurous visitors, Golden Sands beach, located about 20 kilometres north, is a paradise of fine sand and bustling nightlife. Here you’ll find Golden Sands Nature Park, where trails through forests lead to beautiful hidden coves.
Visits in the surrounding area: a medieval cave monastery and a “limestone forest”
The area around Varna boasts several attractions that are worth a visit. Aladzha Monastery, 17 kilometres from the city, features a network of rock-carved cells and chapels and a fascinating testament to monastic life in the Middle Ages. It was home to a hesychast monastic community that was active from the 12th century until possibly the 18th century. With its faded frescoes and wooded surroundings, it exudes an air of mystery and tranquillity.
Another standout destination is Pobiti Kamani, known as the “stone forest”. This unique natural phenomenon, formed by oddly-shaped limestone columns, has given rise to local legends and continues to intrigue geologists.
